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The machine is your reader

Image by Midjourney

A short note, based on recent experience with ChatGPT and other AI applications.

In the future, academics will write articles that are designed to be read by AI applications, not by other humans. Our understanding of good writing style will adjust to fit the needs of those applications.

Just as we design web pages so that they fit the requirements of search engines (search engine optimization, SEO), we will write articles with AI optimization (AIO) in mind.

We will do this for two reasons:

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Review of “Superstates” in GPPG

In the journal Global Public Policy and Governance, Professor Suparna Soni reviews Superstates: Empires of the Twenty-First Century. “The book serves as an invaluable resource for researchers, students and practitioners grappling with the enduring dilemmas of contemporary government,” Soni says. “Readers will find his discussion to be eloquent, perceptive and enlightening.” Read the full review.

New course on human rights and public administration

In Spring 2024, I’ll teach a new graduate course on human rights and public administration. The draft overview is below. I’ll post more details in September.


All people are entitled to certain fundamental rights.  This principle, sometimes known as the doctrine of human rights, became central to governance after World War II.  Today, debates about the role of government around the world are shaped by understandings about the scope of human rights.  For decades, policymakers had invented agencies and programs to protect different rights.  Some of these experiments have worked better than others.  Governments have learned about the most effective techniques for advancing rights, and the extent to which rights protection may be constrained by realities of administration. 

This course will examine the relationship between high-level thinking about human rights and more concrete problems of policy design and implementation.  Our objectives are to:

  1. Understand the origins and content of the doctrine of human rights, and how it compares with other approaches to the definition of a good society.
  2. Understand how human rights doctrine has shaped the development of government agencies and programs since World War II.
  3. Consider how the application of human rights doctrine may be constrained by problems of administration.
  4. Consider how innovations in administration might improve the prospects for successful application and enforcement of human rights doctrine.

In 2024, the course will draw mainly on American experience since World War II, although there will be frequent references to experiments in governance in other countries.

Keynote address at IRPP conference

I delivered a keynote address at the National Conference on Resilient Institutions hosted by the Institute for Research on Public Policy in Ottawa on June 13, 2023. More details about the lecture here.

The text of the lecture is available here.

Listen to the lecture here.

Read Paul Wells’ article about the lecture here.

Read Bhagwant Sandhu’s article about the lecture here.

Diplomatic Courier reviews Superstates

Joshua Huminski reviews my book Superstates for Diplomatic Courier: “Superstates finds a nice balance between academic curiosity and practical utility and overcomes the limitations of comparative political definitions to identify real challenges shared across four distinct political structures. It is a useful framework for looking at what will be a very dynamic period of both domestic and international politics.” Read the review.

“Superstates” profiled on Politics Today

Superstates: Empires of the Twenty-First Century is profiled by Politics Today. “With a groundbreaking twist in thinking about the art and methods of statecraft, Roberts considers the decisions leaders must make to devise and redevise strategies for governance at such a grand scale.” Read the review here.

Review of “Superstates” in London Review of Books

Tom Stevenson reviews Superstates in the May 4, 2023 issue of the London Review of Books. “Empires are supposed to be a thing of the past, yet in some ways the empires we knew are still with us.  The largest states in the world have the scale of empires but, Roberts suggests, they are a new breed . . . Roberts is sceptical that his four superstates will all exist in their present form in a hundred years’ time.” Read the review.

Ferrel Heady roundtable

On April 5, 2023, I participated in the ASPA SICA Ferrel Heady roundtable on the “future of comparative public administration.” More information, and watch the roundtable here.

Review of “Superstates” in International Review of Public Administration

Professor Jonathan Boston reviews Superstates in International Review of Public Administration: “Superstates is engaging, lucid, judicious, well documented, and highly accessible. For those interested in, or troubled by, the abiding dilemmas of contemporary government and governing, whether as researchers, students, and practitioners, Superstates will serve as an invaluable resource. Not only does it provide authoritative empirical analyses, but it also offers discerning ethical counsel and practical wisdom. While readers may not agree with all the author’s arguments, they are bound to find his discussion elegant, shrewd, provocative, and insightful.” Read the review.

Address to conference at Delhi School

I will give the valedictory address for the Conference on Public Policy Research organized by the Delhi School of Public Policy and Governance on March 15.